This profile focuses on the person’s role in 1919–1922. It is not a full life history.
German underground and volunteer structures developed into the Selbstschutz Oberschlesiens. Its ranks included locals and volunteers from elsewhere in Germany, including Freikorps members. General Karl Hoefer took overall command. Both sides benefited from support originating outside the plebiscite territory.
Sources for this passage
- Plebiscyt i III Powstanie Śląskie 1921 rokuSiły niemieckie; II etap walk
Góra Świętej Anny, called Annaberg in German sources, was a major focus of fighting in May 1921. The detailed IPN chronology dates the German offensive and capture of the hill to 21 May. Insurgent counterattacks failed to recover it. This local German success did not amount to control of the whole industrial district.
DHM gives 23 May. The timeline follows the detailed IPN account while retaining the discrepancy.
Sources for this passage
- Plebiscyt i III Powstanie Śląskie 1921 rokuThird: III etap walk; DHM: Annaberg paragraph
- Die Teilung OberschlesiensThird: III etap walk; DHM: Annaberg paragraph
Sources
- Die Teilung Oberschlesiens
Arnulf Scriba · Deutsches Historisches Museum / LeMO · 2014-09-02
- Plebiscyt i III Powstanie Śląskie 1921 roku
Mirosław Węcki · IPN / Przystanek Historia · 2021-05-03
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